The Respiratory System

<h1>1. What is the Respiratory System?</h1> (set: $Module1 to "") <hr> ''Learning Objective: '' Understand the main function and parts of the respiratory system. <hr> (align:"==>")[[[NEXT->Mod1-1]]]

The respiratory system consists of organs responsible for breathing. <figure> <img src="1-1a.gif" alt="a GIF showing the motions of the oxygen intake and carbon dioxide outflow" style="width: 600px; max-width: 100%; height: auto;"> <figcaption style="font-size: 12px;">Image: <a href="https://tabletopwhale.com/2014/10/24/3-different-ways-to-breathe.html"; target="_blank"; style="text-decoration:none">Eleanor Lutz</a></figcaption> </figure> It has two major functions: 1. Bring oxygen in 2. Take carbon dioxide out (align:"==>")[[[NEXT->Mod1-2]]]

The primary organs that carry out the gas exchange are our lungs. <font size="30">🫁</font> All the other organs in the respiratory system works with our lungs. The system can be divided into: * the upper respiratory tract * and the lower respiratory tract <figure> <img src="1-2a.jpg" style="width: 600px; max-width: 100%; height: auto;"> <figcaption style="font-size: 12px;"> Image: <a href="https://www.slideteam.net/0614-the-human-respiratory-system-medical-images-for-powerpoint.html"; target="_blank"; style="text-decoration:none">SlideTeam</a></figcaption> </figure> (align:"==>")[[[NEXT->Mod1-3]]]

<h1>Test Your Knowledge!</h1> ''1. Which of the following are NOT part of the upper respiratory tract?'' (link-reveal:"a: the larynx")[ (text-style:"mark")[<font size="2">Actually, the larynx is part of the upper respiratory tract!</font>]] (link-reveal: "b: the lungs")[ (text-style:"mark")[⭐<font size="2">You're right, the lungs are part of the lower respiratory tract!</font>]] (link-reveal: "c: the nasal passages")[ (text-style:"mark")[<font size="2">Actually, the nasal passages are part of the upper respiratory tract!</font>]] (link-reveal: "d: the pharynx")[ (text-style:"mark")[<font size="2">Actually, the pharynx is part of the upper respiratory tract</font>]] (after:5s)[ (align:"==>")[[[NEXT->Mod1-End]]]]

In the next section, we'll take a breath in slow motion together! (set: $Module1 to "done") (align:"==>")[[[NEXT->Mod2-Start]]] (align:"==>")[[[HOME->HOME]] ]

<h1>2. Breathe In</h1> (set: $Module2 to "") <hr> ''Learning Objective: '' Understand the path oxygen takes through the upper and lower respiratory tracts to the lung. <hr> (align:"==>")[[[NEXT->Mod2-1]]]

<h1>The Human Respiratory System</h1> <body> (align:"==>")[Created by Dora Yang Redesigned for the course ED6228 University of New Brunswick, 2024] </body> [[1. What is the Respiratory System?->Mod1-Start]] (if:$Module1 is "done")[ [[2. Breathe In->Mod2-Start]]] (if:$Module2 is "done")[ [[3. Breathe Out->Mod3-Start]]]

Okay, Take a deep breath through your nose! <figure> <img src="2-1a.webp" alt="a GIF showing the motions of the oxygen intake and carbon dioxide outflow" style="width: 500px; max-width: 100%; height: auto;"> <figcaption style="font-size: 12px;">Image: <a href="https://giphy.com/gifs/26xBQHwauflldYoeI"; target="_blank"; style="text-decoration:none">GIPHY</a></figcaption> </figure> From your inhale, air travels from... |= your nasal passages ↓ to your <span class="hover-tooltip" title="throat">pharynx</span> ↓ to your <span class="hover-tooltip" title="voice box">larynx</span> ↓ and then to your <span class="hover-tooltip" title="windpipe">trachea</span> =| <figure> <img src="2-1b.gif" alt="An animated GIF depicting the path of scent particles through the nasal passages." style="width: 400px; max-width: 100%; height: auto;"> <figcaption style="font-size: 12px;">Image: <a href="https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/news/multimedia/how-we-smell"; target="_blank"; style="text-decoration:none">NIDCD</a></figcaption> </figure> |==| (align:"==>")[[[NEXT->Mod2-2]]]

<h1>3. Breathe Out</h1> (set: $Module3 to "") <hr> ''Learning Objective: '' Explain how the alveoli perform the gas exchange. Understand how the diaphragm helps with exhalation. <hr> (align:"==>")[[[NEXT->Mod3-1]]]

Oxygen then goes through trachea ↓ into your bronchi <figure> <img src="2-2a.png" alt="" style="width: 600px; max-width: 100%; height: auto;"> <figcaption style="font-size: 12px;">Image: <a href="https://www.wikilectures.eu/index.php?curid=22177"; target="_blank"; style="text-decoration:none">WikiLectures</a></figcaption> </figure> The bronchial tubes connect with your two lungs. They are lined with tiny hairs called cilia. Cilia move back and forth in a wave-like motion, carrying <span class="hover-tooltip" title="Mucus is a sticky liquid that collects dust, germs, and other stuff that isn't welcome in the lungs. We expel mucus when we sneeze, cough, spit, or swallow.">mucus</span> up and out. <figure> <img src="2-2b.gif" style="width: 600px; max-width: 100%; height: auto;"> <figcaption style="font-size: 12px;">Image: <a href="https://leavingbio.net/respiratory-system/"; target="_blank"; style="text-decoration:none">LeavingBio.net</a></figcaption> </figure> Finally, the bronchial tubes lead to the lobes of the lungs, and the oxygen has successfully reached the lungs! Here's a mnemonic to help you remember the passage of air:</font> ''Noble Penguins Love to Breathe Lightly'' ||== Noble - Nasal passages Penguins - Pharynx Love - Larynx To - Trachea Breathe - Bronchi Lightly - Lungs |= <img src="https://i.giphy.com/Rol6kVQRMOWVLR3vFG.webp" style="width: 200px; max-width: 100%; height: auto;"> |==| (align:"==>")[[[NEXT->Mod2-Quiz]]]

<h1>Test Your Knowledge!</h1> ''1. What is the name of the organ where air enters your body when you inhale?'' (link-reveal:"a: the lungs")[ (text-style:"mark")[<font size="2">Actually, the air enters through the nose into the lungs!</font>]] (link-reveal: "b: the nasal passages")[ (text-style:"mark")[⭐<font size="2">You're right, air enters through the nasal passages!</font>]] ''2. What is the order of the organ that oxygen passes through on inhalation?'' (link-reveal: "a: nasal passages > trachea > pharynx > larynx > lungs > bronchi")[ (text-style:"mark")[<font size="2">Not quite! Remember: Noble Penguins Love to Breathe Lightly.</font>]] (link-reveal: "b: nasal passages > larynx > pharynx > trachea > bronchi > lungs")[ (text-style:"mark")[<font size="2">Not quite! Remember: Noble Penguins Love to Breathe Lightly.</font>]] (link-reveal:"c: nasal passages > pharynx > larynx > trachea > bronchi > lungs")[ (text-style:"mark")[⭐<font size="2">You got it! </font>]] (link-reveal: "d: nasal passages > pharynx > larynx > lungs > bronchi > trachea")[ (text-style:"mark")[<font size="2">Not quite! Remember: Noble Penguins Love to Breathe Lightly.</font>]] (after:5s)[ (align:"==>")[[[NEXT->Mod2-End]]]]

Hold your breath right there! Up next, we will see how the lungs complete the gas exchange process and finally exhale! (set: $Module2 to "done") (align:"==>")[[[NEXT->Mod3-Start]]] (align:"==>")[[[HOME->HOME]]]

We have two lungs. The right lung is divided into three lobes, and the leftis divided into two. The left lung is smaller to allow room for the heart! <figure> <img src="3-1a.png" alt="" style="width: 600px; max-width: 100%; height: auto;"> <figcaption style="font-size: 12px;">Image: <a href="https://www.respiratorytherapyzone.com/lung-lobes-and-fissures"; target="_blank"; style="text-decoration:none">Respiratory Therapy Zone</a></figcaption> </figure> <figure style="float: right;"> <img src="3-1b.png" alt="" style="width: 200px; max-width: 100%; height: auto;"> <figcaption style="font-size: 12px;">Image: <a href="https://anatomytool.org/content/servier-drawing-alveolar-anatomy-vascularisation-no-labels"; target="_blank"; style="text-decoration:none">Servier Medical Art</a> </figcaption> </figure> Lobes are filled with alveoli, which are small, spongy air sacs. The <span class="hover-tooltip" title="extremely thin, only about 0.2 micrometers!">alveolar walls </span>are composed of a layer of tissues called epithelial cells and tiny blood vessels called capillaries. The pulmonary artery carries red blood cells through the capillaries. <figure style="float: left;"> <img src="3-1c.gif" style="width: 250px; max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin: 0 2em 0 auto "> <figcaption style="font-size: 12px;">Image: <a href="https://www3.med.unipmn.it/did/will/va/2_2.html"; target="_blank"; style="text-decoration:none">UNIPMN</a> </figcaption> </figure> Red blood cells bring carbon dioxide to the alveoli, where the gas moves from the blood to the air. In the meantime, they also carry oxygen to the heart through the pulmonary vein, and the heart pumps that oxygen throughout the body. (align:"==>")[[[NEXT->Mod3-2]]]

The diaphragm is a wall of muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity. When you breathe in, it flattens out and pulls forward, making more space for the lungs. When you breathe out, it expands and forces air out. <figure><img src="3-2a.1" alt="" style="width: 500px; max-width: 100%; height: auto;"> <figcaption style="font-size: 12px;">Image: <a href="https://flexbooks.ck12.org/cbook/ck-12-college-human-biology-flexbook-2.0/section/15.3/primary/lesson/breathing-chumbio/"; target="_blank"; style="text-decoration:none">CK-12 Foundation</a></figcaption></figure> And voila, the carbon dioxide is now exhaled out! (align:"==>")[[[NEXT->Mod3-End]]]

Well done! That concludes one whole breath ''//and//'' our lesson! (set: $Module3 to "done") (link: "To review, click to watch this animation video")[<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/v_j-LD2YEqg?si=EZ0Fg3u8tCPN7Ybb" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen></iframe>] Thank you for trying out this learning experience. I hope that you enjoyed it and learned something new! (align:"==>")[[[HOME->HOME]]]

The upper respiratory tract inlcudes: * the <span class="hover-tooltip" title="nose">nasal passages</span> * the <span class="hover-tooltip" title="throat">pharynx</span> * and the <span class="hover-tooltip" title="voice box">larynx</span> The lower respiratory tract includes: * the <span class="hover-tooltip" title="windpie">trachea</span> * the <span class="hover-tooltip" title="airways">bronchi</span> * the lungs * and the diaphragm <figure> <img src="1-3a.png" alt=""style="width:600px; max-width: 100%; height:auto;"> <figcaption style="font-size: 12px;"> Image: <a href="https://anatomytool.org/content/respiratory-system-diagram-english-labels"; target="_blank"; style="text-decoration:none">Mariana Ruiz Villarreal</a></figcaption> </figure> Explore more with <a href="https://human.biodigital.com/viewer/?id=5Kmq&ui-anatomy-descriptions=true&ui-anatomy-pronunciations=true&ui-anatomy-labels=true&ui-audio=true&ui-chapter-list=false&ui-fullscreen=true&ui-help=true&ui-info=true&ui-label-list=true&ui-layers=true&ui-loader=circle&ui-media-controls=full&ui-menu=true&ui-nav=true&ui-search=true&ui-tools=true&ui-tutorial=false&ui-undo=true&ui-whiteboard=true&initial.none=true&disable-scroll=false&dk=edac91d2443ff104ab74174b3047b00937a21960&paid=o_25ed890c"; target="_blank"; style="text-decoration:none">a 3D model by clicking here!</a> (align:"==>")[[[NEXT->Mod1-Quiz]]]